India has magnificent literature history . As an Indian we know the inrich glory of our hindi literature, but do you know writers of india also have a great contribution in Indian English literature . Do you know it started more before colonization in India.. Let's have a brief overview on fabulous history and facts of indian english literature📚..
CONTEXT
- Introduction
- History overview (precolonial, middle, modern age
- Women writer's
- Criticism in Indian English literature
- Conclusion
- Imp books must read
📌📙 Introduction
The term Indian English Literature (formerly known as “Indo Anglican”) or Indo English
Literature connotes literature written in English by Indian authors. It remarkable differs from
Anglo-Indian literature which was created by Englishmen in India who were fascinated by
her romantic and exotic charm. They made India the main theme of their writings. It is “for
the most part, merely English literature marked by Indian local colour.” Indian writing in
English began much before the establishment of the British colonial rule in India and has
survived the collapse of the Empire. The resilience of Indian writing in English is largely due
to the English education provided by the Christian missionaries in the nineteenth and
twentieth century and the high adaptability of the Indian mind to Western education. Indian
writing in English was able to mutate by combining typically Indian “feeling,” “emotion” and
“experience” with the “discipline” imposed by English.”
Indian English literature is the outcome of the cross fertilization of two fruitful cultures –
Indian and English. It is literature created by Indians both before and after independence. All
Indian writers who wrote in English since the days of Raja Ram Mohan Roy down to our
own time belong to Indian English literature. It spontaneously and powerfully expresses
varying shades of emotions thoughts and feelings typical to the genius and character of India.
Indian English literature is “ a curious native eruption, an expression of the practical no less
than creative genius of the Indian people. Indians have written – and are writing in English
for communicating with one another and with the outside world, for achieving selfexpression too artistically, using English if necessary or necessarily, in an Indian way.”
English, which has been domesticated and nativized in India, has been one of our own
languages like Kannada, Punjabi, Marathi, Bengali etc. Hence, literature written in Indianized
or nativized English is Indian English literature. It bears an indelible stamp of Indianness
which implies’life attitudes’, ‘modes of perception’, ‘life patters’, ‘behaviour of the people’
and ‘traditions that have emerged over the years in India’. Gowri Deshpande asserts: “… We
are right in asserting that we are Indian poets writing in English. Our landscape is Indian, our
thought is moulded by our political, social, economic and philosophical scene.” Indianness or
the Indian experience of life cannot be restricted to rigid definitions, as its expression varies
from person to person, writer to writer, poet to poet and novelist to novelist. It is this richness
and variety of experience which imparts colour and beauty to Indian English literature. It
embodies the Indian sensibility which has come down to us through the vedic period .
In the context of Indians writing in English, as with many others in their regional languages
as well, the process of coming to terms with tradition and the contemporary towards
developing an indigenous sensibility has indeed been a large and complex historical process,
which has evolved through a variety of phases.
📌Post colonial era📙
English was always seen as a language of the Indian elites, a language used not only to
construct the Indian nationalist movement but also to deconstruct the hegemony of the Raj. In
fact much of the muscular growth and modernization of the Indian vernacular languages,
especially Bengali, in the nineteenth century was largely due to the dissemination of the
English language amongst the elite. It may be said that in the last two hundred years Indian
writing in English has come of age. Indian writers have gained both the confidence and
competence to express themselves in English thereby creating a typical and distinct idiom
which is at once Indian and cosmopolitan. However, the construction of national literatures in
India has been a predominantly upper class project with clear ideological biases and
intellectual predilections, which looked at literatures of a society rather selectively, at times
ignoring Muslim, Anglo-Indian, Indian Christian or Parsee writers.
The historic decision to use English for official communication and as a medium of
instruction for higher education in place of Sanskrit or Persian resulted in the creation of vast
lieterature on various disciplines in English. Rammohan Roy, Dadabhai Nauroji, Ram Gopal
Ghose, Mahadeo Govind Ranade and other pioneers of Indian Renaissance who had
struggled for independence were influenced by the late Victorians and Edwardians; but what
distinguishes their prose, both oratorical and written, is the cultivation of an individual style
suited to the expression of Indian sensibility and ethos.
Journalism also played a significant role to popularize English and to harness it to the
expression of various debatable topics- political unrest and attainment of independence,
religious and social reformation. It flourished with the rise of pamphleteering and the rise of
journalism in English. Besides journalism and political prose, various prose genresautobiography, biography, travelogue, reminiscence- were written with excellence during this
period. What distinguishes the prose of this period is the evolution of Indian style and the
flawless expression of Indian sensibility.
This era was characterized by political unrest, national awakening and social reformation.
The Era of political awakening was also the epoch of Indian Renaissance which ushered India
in a glorious period of social, cultural, religious, literary, economic and rational awakening
led by Mahatma Gandhi the visionary. The Gandhian influence was all pervading on Indian
English Literature. The urges and the problems of the masses began to be discussed in
literature with new literary forms and styles evolving to suit the new subjects. Literary
changes in Europe left their mark on this period.
The early poetry of the nineteenth century is reminiscent of English romantic and Victorian
poets – Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson and Swinburne. The great pioneers
like Derozio and M.M. Dutt imitated the manner and method of Byron and Scott. Early
English poetry, though imitative of the manner and method of English romantic and
Victorian poetry, mainly dealt with the Indian or oriental themes. The techniques adopted in
Indian English poetry before 1960 were least imitative and derivative. That was in a way, a
historical, imperative. Paradoxically enough more and more Indians began writing poetry in
English freely and with some confidence only after they got rid of the native speakers of
English.
he “novel” as a literary phenomenon is new to India. Epics, lyrics, dramas, short stories and
fables have their respectable ancestries, going back by several centuries, but it is only during
a period of little more than a century that the novel-the long sustained piece of prose fictionhas occurred and taken root in India. One might, of course, protest and say that Sanskrit
works like Bana’s Kadambar and Subhandhu’s Vasavadatta are also novels, but the
description would not really fit; and, besides these were isolated marvels.
Novel which is a vital medium for the expression of the spirit of the age can never grow and
develop in isolation as it is related with life and society. The Indian English novel of this
period reveals the spirit of the age in an authentic manner. It has become a great literary force,
a powerful medium for creating social and national awareness. Novel is a long narrative in
prose with plot, sub-plot, characterization, theme etc. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s
Rajmohan’s Wife(1864) is the first Indian novel in English. It is noticeable that when
Modernism was the trend in the world Literature, India produced its first novel in English.
Anandamath was the second novel. It had “Vande Mataram” the Indian patriotic song. Then
came Krishna Punt’s Bay of Bengal, Kandan, Filler, Toru Dutt’s Bianca, Jogendra Singh’s
Nur Jahan and Madhusudhan Dutt’s Kamarupa and Kamalata. Toru Dutt was the major
literary figure of the times. Till 1930, it was an imitation of British Literature and also had
historical romances.
The earliest form of the theatre of India was the Sanskrit theatre. It began after the
development of Greek and Roman theatre and before the development of theatre in other
parts of Asia. However, Indian English drama began in the beginning of the nineteenth
century. T.P.Kailasam, a gifted dramatist, created highly individualized characters and
glorified the worth of the underdog. His plays were a success on stage. He followed Greek
and Elizabethan technical patterns and ignored the rich dramatic tradition of Indian theatre.
A.S.P.Ayyar’s plays dealt vigorously with contemporary life. He was a reformist and
moralist who ignored the discipline of dramatic art. Ram Mohan Roy was followed in the early 19th century in Bengal by the poets Henry
Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutt. Dutt started out writing epic verse in English, but
returned to his native Bengali later in life. Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833),a social reformist
from Bengal who fought for widow remarriage and voting rights for women, was the pioneer
of Indian writing in English. Roy insisted that for India to be included among the world’s
nations, education in English was essential. He, therefore, campaigned for introduction of
scientific education in India through the English medium.
The poems of Toru Dutt (1855-1876), who died at a tender age of 21. The daughter of
Govind Chandra Dutta, who himself wrote tasteful English verse, and related to Sasi Chandra
of the same family, a voluminous writer of English, she was in close contact with English or
continental culture throughout most of her short life. She wrote a novel in French, which was
published posthumously in Paris.“Her English poetry displayed real creative and imaginative
power and almost faultless technical skill. In her English translations (A Sheaf Gleaned in
French fields) and her Ancient Ballads and legends of Hindustan, she so nearly achieved a
striking success as to make one regret that our language is essentially unsuited to imagery and
ornament which form part of the natural texture of the oriental mind.”
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1914) was a poet, dramatist, actor, producer; he was a musician
and a painter; he was an educationist, a practical idealist who turned his dreams into reality at
Shantiniketan; he was a reformer, philosopher, prophet; he was a novelist and short story,
writer, and a critic of life and literature; he even made occasional incursions into nationalist
politics; although he was essentially an internationalist. His active literary career extended
over as period of 65 years. He wrote probably the largest number of lyrics ever attempted by
any poet. He mused and wrote and travelled and talked untiringly. Next only to Mahatma
Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo, Tagore has been the supreme inspiration to millions in modern
India.
The phenomenal success of Gitanjali emboldened Tagore and his English publishers, Messrs.
Macmillan, to bring out other volumes of translations, either done by him or by others under
his supervision, and even some original writing in English: poems, The Crescent Moon, The
Gardener, Fruit-Gathering, Lover’s Gift, Crossing, The fugitive and other poems; plays
Chitra, The Post Office, The Cycle of Spring, Sacrifice and other plays, Red oleanders; Stray
Birds, a collection of epigrams and aphorisms and poetic miniatures; Fiction, The Home and
the World, The Wreck, Gora (1923), Hungry Stones Mashi, Broken Ties, Philosophy,
Sadhana, Personality, creative Unity, The religion of Man; autobiography, Reminiscences
(1917). Of Tagore’s full-length novels, only three appeared in approved English versions in
his own life-time. Naukhadubi (1905) appeared as the Wreck, Gora (1910) retained the same
title in English also, and Ghare Bhaire (1916) became The Home and the World. The wreck
has always been one of Tagore’s popular novels.
Pre-Independence Indian English literature, this period therefore, marks a great leap forward.
There is a clear cut advance in technique, form and style. Raja Rao enriched the novel with
highly poetic prose and artistic narration. This period threw up men like Mulk Raj Anand,
R.K.Narayan, D.F.Karaka, Ahmed Abbas, Ahmed Ali and many others whose contribution to
the growth of the Indo-Anglian novel is of no mean order.
📌 Postcolonial Writings📙
With the coming of independence the situation may have partly changed as seen from the
increasing number of talented writers turning to English. But the foundations for the postindependence development were perhaps laid in the schools and colleges in the two decade
before independence. The spread of education, the attractions of a world market, the growing
sense of national self-confidence and maturity, the diversion of talents from regional
languages into English for a variety of reasons-was there a brain drain inside India from
regional languages into English? The acceptance and reputation of the early masters outside
India, the prestige and recognition accorded to creative writing in English within India : all
these probably led the way.Modern Indian English novel is, thus, preoccupied with the inner life and individual problems
of men and women passing through revolutionary changes. The novel in the previous era was
mainly concerned with the external aspects of society and little with the exteriorization of the
inner landscape of the human psyche. It has become more subtle, philosophical and
psychological. This change in the content of the novel has necessitated the use of new
technical devices. Anand deftly uses the device of the stream of consciousness in his first
novel Untouchable. Myth too has been used as a technique to illustrate the novelist‘s vision
or point of view. Almost all the novelists of this period have interpreted myth in their own
manner so that it may contribute to the expression of their point of view.
The post-independence novel has shown signs of maturity from the viewpoint of technique,
style and language. American and European models began to exercise their influence on
novel, K. R. S. Iyengar remarks: ―Before 1947, the English models were the major outside
influence on the Indian novel. After independence, however, novelists in India have shown
themselves susceptible to the influence of American and European (especially Russian
models, and also models from oriental countries. The advance in fictional technique is a
landmark in the history of Indian English novel. The novel has emerged as ―a living and
evolving genre, and is trying in the hands of its practitioners, a fusion of form, substance and
expression is recognizably Indian, yet also bearing the marks of universality.
Most of the novelists of this period exposed social evils, customs and traditions, rites and
rituals, poverty and illiteracy, bonds and bondages in their novels on the one hand and on the
other, they made their writings a powerful medium to highlight the east-west encounter and
thereby to spread the nationalistic ideas of the great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi among the
people. Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao presented the radical social and
national issues in their novels. Raja Rao’s Kanthapura is Indian in terms of its story telling
qualities. The novels produced in the pre-independence period depicted the changing sociopolitical scene.
The development of English writing post Independence took a new direction. The Indian
English writers perceived India at a post-colonial view. The new ideas flourished but most of
the focus was shifted towards the problems like- social, economic, religious, political and
familial as bases; which were also enveloped with the feel of National Movement which drew
attention of the creative writers. The partition, the communal riots after partition, the
problems of casteism, subjugation of women, the poverty of illiterate masses became the
flavour of the day. The outcry is enormous and many up-surging writers have enhanced the
view of the Literature with passage of time.
Post independence, India was faced with a number of crises including social, political and
economic. The society was in a continuous state of flux. This time the writers were no more
eulogizing their nation. Rather they were bringing to the forefront the reality through their
works. Both verse and prose were time and again emphasizing on the dominant crises. Inorder to establish a new narrative, to break away from the colonial mind set, contemporary
Indian writers adapted new narrative patterns to put through their notions.
In the post-independence Era Indian English novel came to maturity and attained full
flowering. The rise of Indian English writing in postcolonial era was a significant
development in Indian English literature. In the Indian context, postcolonial writing with its
new themes and techniques makes its presence felt in the English-speaking world.
📌 Post modern Writings📙
Postmodernism is the term used to denote the depiction of life after world war-II in Art,
Literature and Culture and the kind of changes that manifested due to this in all walks of life
across the world. The Indian literary scenario, after 1980, is typically postmodern in all walks
of life as it has been with the rest of the world. There are a number of rationales that have
gone into the making of it. And its outcome has also been multi-directional. In India, more
than post world war circumstances, postcolonial pressures have played a crucial and unique
role. After 1980s, India realized itself as a multi-cultural, Multi-ethnic, Multi-lingual, Postcolonial, and Postmodern nation.
Making a move from the 18th or 19th century, that had indeed sowed the budding phase of
then referred contemporary Indian literature, writers belonging to post modern India are
additionally very conscious about their own culture and traditions. Hence can be witnessed a
massive body of vernacular language and literature flourishing in it. While some of the
authors pen in English, most of them continue to write in their colloquial languages. The
philosophy and thought behind their works exhibit influences of western thoughts and
principles. It is quite laudable that these authors have been successful enough to maintain the
unique flavour of their region in their works and tinge it further with a modern dimension
The literary genre of the contemporary Indian literature are manifold. Present Indian readers
have novels, plays, short stories, literary criticism, science fiction and poetry to choose from.
The major post - independence Indian English poets are : Nissim Ezekiel, Dom Moraes, P.
Lal, Adil Jussawalla, A. K. Ramanujan, R. Parthasarthy, Gieve Patel, Arvind Mehrotra,
Pritish Nandy, Kamala Das, K. N. Daruwalla, Shiv Kumar, Jayanta Mahapatra, Dilip Chitre,
Saleem Peerdina, Santan Rodrigues, Eunice De Souza, Silgardo, Meena Alexander, Agha
Shahid Ali, Vikram Seth, Manohar Shetty etc.Various theorists now
believe that the discourse and narratives of nation, ethnicity or race which are the modes of
belonging and place individuals in assurance of roots are not appropriate any longer when the
immigrants are thinking in different ways about their relations to the new place, home, and
their past. Moreover, since the substantial change has been noticeable in the approach,
location and identities of diaspora, the diaspora individuals and communities cannot be
positioned only in relation to some homeland to which they all want to return.
📌 Indian Women Writings📙
Women writers in India have been creating such spaces through their writing. women
novelists have developed their own style which expresses feminine sensibility. Each one is
different from the other. Each one of them has her own world of experiences, her own way of
looking at things and her own way of character portrayal. One point is common in them.
They show a keen sense of the awareness of social change. It was mandatory for them to
create their own space in the male-dominated literary world. Many an Indian women
novelists have explored female subjectivity in order to establish an identity.
A major development in Indian fiction is the growth of a feminist or women centred approach,
that seeks to project and interpret experience, from the point of a feminine consciousness and
sensibility. Some works by early women novelists are Raj Lakshmi Devi’s The Hindu
Wife(1884) and Saguna(1885); Cornelia Sorabji’s Love and Life Behind the Purdah(1901)
and Between the Twilights(1908); Iqbalunnisa Hussanin’s Purdah and Polygamy, Life in an
Indian Muslim Household(1944). The theme is from childhood to womanhood - developed
society respecting women in general. Santha Rama Rau’s Remember for the House, (1956),
Ruth Prawar Jhabvala’s first novel To whom she will, 1955 and her later novel Heat and Dust
(1975), Kamla Markandya’s Two Virgins (1994), Rama Mehta’s Inside the Haveli (1977),
and Gaeta Hariharan The Thousand Faces of Night (1992)are some of the leading women
writers writing in Indian English literature.
A major pre-occupation in recent Indian women's writings has been a delineation of Inner life
and subtle relationships. In a culture where, individualism and protest have often remained
alien ideas and marital bliss and the women's role at home is the central focus. It is interesting
to see the emergence of not just an essential Indian sensibility but an expression of cultural
diversion.
The present-day women writers have dared to express what their predecessors have either
ignored or shied away from expressing. The themes, the style, syntax, and even symbolism
have been affected by their present space and time. Women writers like Jhumpa Lahiri has
succeeded in creating fiction which re-examines the lives of the women characters using the
tools of Postmodernism. These women writers dared to reinterpret Indian women’s social,
psychological, and even personal identities.
Women writers work on revealing the varying mental states, psychic observations, inner
motives and existential pursuits of man. They succeed fully in breaking non-grounds for their
fictional art among her contemporary while dealing with the predicament of man and his
social and moral dilemmas. They also analyses a man in action in order to reveal his hidden
motives behind the facial reality of conscious mind. Many Indian women novelists have
explored female subjectivity in order to establish an identity. The theme is from childhood to
womanhood-developed society respecting women in general.
The contemporary Indian English women writers are creating their own ‘little narratives’ as a
replacement of the ‘grand narratives’ dominated by the canonical writers. Anita Desai is one
such powerful voice in the field of Indian English fiction. Her fiction gives us the glimpse of
the inner world of not only her characters but also countless Indian women whose psyche has
not been studied as intently as it should have been. Anita Desai’s novels are postmodern as
she creates her little narratives against the meta-narratives.
Women writers have gone up from difficult to tribal and rural areas too, but all of them have
expressed their concern for women and their problems. The variety of subjects, they have
touched upon is a great contribution in creating awareness for the modern women all over the
globe. The variety of subjects handled by them considering Indian environment needs an
appreciation. Some of the writers have not claimed that they belong to feminist’s movement
yet their writings suggest that their inner spirit and feelings are for the welfare of the women
only.
The image of women in fiction has undergone a change during the last four decades. Women
writers have moved away From traditional portrayals of enduring self- sacrificing women,
towards conflicts, female characters searching for identity; no longer characterized and
defined simply in terms of their victim status. A major preoccupation in recent Indian
women’s writing has been a delineation of inner life and subtle interpersonal relationships. In
a culture where individualism and protest have often remained alien ideas and marital bliss
and the woman’s role at home is a central focus. It is interesting to note the emergence of not
just an essential .Indian sensibility but an expression of cultural displacement. Women’s
presentation is more assertive, more liberated in their view and more articulate in their
expression than the woman of the past is.
A major preoccupation in recent Indian women’s writing has been a delineation of inner life
and subtle interpersonal relationships. In a culture where individualism and protest have often
remained alien ideas and marital bliss and the woman’s role at home is a central focus. It is
interesting to note the emergence of not just an essential .Indian sensibility but an expression
of cultural displacement. Women’s presentation is more assertive, more liberated in their
view and more articulate in their expression than the woman of the past.
Indian writing in English at present is gaining ground rapidly. In the realm of fiction, it has
heralded a new era and has earned many laurels both at home and abroad. Indian women
writers have started questioning the prominent old patriarchal domination. They are no longer
puppets in the hands of man. They have shown their worth in the field of literature both
qualitatively and quantitatively and are showing it even today without any hurdle. Today, the
works of Kamla Markandaya, Nayantara Sahgal, Anita Desai, Geetha Hariharan, Shashi
Deshpande, Kiran Desai and Manju Kapur and many more have left an indelible imprint on
the readers of Indian fiction in English.
List of women in India English literature📚
1 Arundhati Roy
2 Kiran Desai
3 Anita Desai
4 Jhumpa Lahiri
5 Kamala Surayya
6 Amrita Pritam
7 Meena Kandasamy
8 Sarojini Naidu
9 Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
10 Anita Nair
11 Shashi Deshpande
12 Mahasweta Devi
13 Mahadevi Verma
14 Toru Dutt
15 Sudha Murty
16 Anuja Chauhan
17 Indira Goswami
18 Preeti Shenoy
19 K. R. Meera
20 Shobha De
21 Nayantara Sahgal
22 Urvashi Butalia
23 Krishna Sobti
24 Meena Alexander etc....
"Criticism" in Indian English literature📚
Criticism is the investigation of forming and expressing right judgment upon the esteem and value of works of literature. It is just through criticism that scholarly thankfulness and clear understanding winds up conceivable.
M. K. Naik holds a one of a kind position among the critics of the twentieth century. He was a standout amongst the most extraordinary scholarly people of his age and he had a present for clear, intense and well suited articulation. He was additionally an exceptionally flexible essayist. For his critical work, he decided on numerous types of literature. He was famous in them all. He started as a critic of impressive guarantee, however later formed into a splendid author and captivating writer. He was additionally an unobtrusive and all around educated critic regarding literature. He applied extraordinary effect on his counterparts through is discussion and writing. Naik was an incredibly decent talker.
✨Conclusion
In every branch or various sections of literature- be it fiction, drama, biography, poetry, drama, novels, short stories, literary criticism, Indian literature has a tremendous variety to offer. Nearly every major Indian language has a rich tradition of literature. Tales from the Puranas, the Jatakas and the Panchatantra folk tales, fairy tales and ghost stories have made India a vast storehouse of literature. Non-Literary work on a variety of themes like law, health, astronomy, grammar, administration also form a part of the Indian literary heritage. India has given birth to it's own distinct set of littérateurs and literature.
The literary tradition in India is primarily oral literature in vernacular languages. This is passed on from generation to generation without manuscript generally sung or recited. It was in the 16th century that an extensive written literature appeared. The reason for this changes were the literary predominance of Sanskrit and the emergence of Hindu pietistic movements that sought to reach the people in their spoken languages.
The earlier forms of Indian literature was religious. They include the Vedas, the Brahmanas, the Aryankas, the Upanishads, the Sanskrit Epics- Ramayana and Mahabharatha, the Brahmashastras, the mythological writings known as Puranas. The literature of this period are in Sanskrit Pali Prakrit.
Sanskrit literature has a special place in our civilization. It extended from about 1400 BC to ADmaha 1200 and reached its height in the period from the 1st to the 7th centuries AD. The two major epics Ramayana and Mahabharatha, Abhigyanashakuntalam, Meghadutam by Kalidasa, are the best examples.
Later in the 14th century, Kabir Das, Surdas and Tulasidas, a poet of the common people were popular. Tulasidas's 'Rama-charita-manas' (1575) is considered as an immortal classic by all Hindus.
It is interesting to note that Tamil Literature is supposed to be the least sanskritised among all Indian languages because, it had a classical tradition of its own. Urdu and Sindhi are other exceptions, having arisen out of an Islamic background. Mirza Ghalib's couplets, written around mid-19th century, Ghazals written by Amir Khusro etc are popular even today.
Rabindranath Tagore The era of Indian modern literature bega n in the late nineteenth century. With the establishment of vernacular schools and the importation of the printing press, a great impetus was given to popular prose, with Bengali writers perhaps taking the lead. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand etc rank among the world's best literary figures. Tagore's own translation of 'Gitanjali' into English brought him international fame when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913. His 'Gora' is considered to be a very outstanding novel in Indian literature .
Some of the prominent modern writers in Indian languages include Premchand, Ageyeya in Hindi; Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Sunil Gangopadhyay in Bengali; Amrita Pritam in Punjabi; Kaifi Azmi, Ali Sardar Jafri, Firaq Gorakhpuri and Josh Malihabadi in Urdu; Shiv Shankar Pillai, M.T.Vasudevan Nair, Malayattor Ramakrishnan in Malayalam; Subramaniya Bharati in Tamil; Gobind Triumbak Deshpande in Marathi; and Tara Shankar Joshi in Gujarati.
Anita DesaiRaja Rao, Kamala Markandaya, Nirad Choudhury, Mulk Raj Anand (Untouchable, Coolie), R.K. Narayan (Swami and Friends, The English Teacher, The Vendor of Sweets, Under the Banyan Tree), Anita Desai (Clear Light of Day, In Custody), Manohar Malgonkar, Amitabh Ghosh, Vikram Seth (A Suitable Boy), Arundhati Roy (God of small things), Khushwant Singh (Train to Pakistan), Salman Rushdie (Satanic Verses) as well as other lesser-known literary figures have made significant contributions to the evolution of Indian literature in English.
Indian writers have also made a mark on the international literary scene. Arundhati Roy, who won the Booker Prize for 'The God of Small Things', Salman Rushdie who was awarded the 'Booker of Bookers' for Midnight's Children, Raj Kamal Jha, whose book 'The Blue Bedspread', commanded the largest advance ever paid to a first-time Indian writer; Vikram Seth whose novel 'A Suitable Boy' won the W.H.Smith prize in 1993 and Anita Desai whose 'Fasting, Feasting' was a finalist for the 1999 Booker Prize. etc are a few amongst them.
List of Famous Works Of Indian English Literature Everyone Should Read
👉 Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore
👉 The Palace of illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
👉 A Suitable Boy by Vikram Seth
👉 The Last Song of Dusk by Siddharth Dhanvant Shanghvi
👉 The Immortals of Meluha by Amish Tripathi
👉 The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy
👉 Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh
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